X Gzip Download

Table of Contents

• X-gzip Decoder Download
• Z Zip Download Free
• Z Zip Download
• Z Zip Download Information

This manual is for GNU Gzip(version 1.10, 7 August 2018),and documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.

Save the.gz file to the desktop. If your compressed file was downloaded from a website, it may be saved in the Downloads folder in your Documents or user directory. Launch WinZip from your start menu or Desktop shortcut. Open the compressed file by clicking File Open. Gzip is used to compress a file in order to reduce disk space, it is quite popular in Linux and UNIX operating systems for this reason. Gzip has been around since May 1996 and is still widely used today. We are going to cover 11 examples of gzip here, showing you common tasks that can be completed and just how easy it is to use.

Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension.gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is -gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT. Download Package x-gzip.zip Download. Download GZip Component. Installation Instructions. Move the dll to a directory like: C:Program FilesXStandardBin. Open a command prompt and cd to the directory where the dll is located. Type regsvr32 XGZip.dll; Grant 'Read &.

Copyright © 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2018 Free SoftwareFoundation, Inc.

Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentunder the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 orany later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with noInvariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-CoverTexts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'GNUFree Documentation License'.

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1 Overview

gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel–Ziv coding(LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with theextension ‘.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access andmodification times. (The default extension is‘z' for MSDOS, OS/2FAT and Atari.)If no files are specified orif a file name is -, the standard input is compressed to the standardoutput. gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. Inparticular, it will ignore symbolic links.

If the new file name is too long for its file system, gziptruncates it. gzip attempts to truncate only the parts of thefile name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) Ifthe name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exeis compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systemswhich do not have a limit on file name length.

By default, gzip keeps the original file name in thecompressed file. This can be useful when decompressing the file with-N if the compressed file name was truncated after a filetransfer.

If the original is a regular file, gzip by default keeps itstimestamp in the compressed file. This can be useful whendecompressing the file with -N if the timestamp was notpreserved after a file transfer.However, due to limitations in the current gzip fileformat, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, timestamps must fallwithin the range 1970-01-01 00:00:01 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15UTC, and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit timestampsare further restricted to timestamps no later than 2038-01-1903:14:07 UTC. The upper bounds assume the typical casewhere leap seconds are ignored.

Compressed files can be restored to their original form using ‘gzip -d'or gunzip or zcat. If the original name saved in thecompressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name isconstructed from the original one to make it legal.

gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaceseach file whose name ends with ‘.gz', ‘.z'‘-gz', ‘-z', or ‘_z' (ignoring case)and which begins with the correctmagic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension.gunzip also recognizes the special extensions ‘.tgz' and‘.taz' as shorthands for ‘.tar.gz' and ‘.tar.Z'respectively. When compressing, gzip uses the ‘.tgz'extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a ‘.tar'extension.

gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip,zip, compress or pack. The detection of the inputformat is automatic. When using the first two formats, gunzipchecks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic redundancy check). For pack,gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The compress formatwas not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip issometimes able to detect a bad ‘.Z' file. If you get an error whenuncompressing a ‘.Z' file, do not assume that the ‘.Z' file iscorrect simply because the standard uncompress does not complain.This generally means that the standard uncompress does not checkits input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO ‘compress-H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC butalso allows some consistency checks.

Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only ifthey have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. Thisfeature is only intended to help conversion of tar.zip files tothe tar.gz format. To extract a zip file with a singlemember, use a command like ‘gunzip ' or ‘gunzip -S.zip foo.zip'. To extract zip files with severalmembers, use unzip instead of gunzip.

zcat is identical to ‘gunzip -c'. zcatuncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standardinput and writes the uncompressed data on standard output. zcatwill uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether theyhave a ‘.gz' suffix or not.

gzip uses the Lempel–Ziv algorithm used in zip andPKZIP.The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input andthe distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as sourcecode or English is reduced by 60–70%. Compression is generally muchbetter than that achieved by LZW (as used in compress), Huffmancoding (as used in pack), or adaptive Huffman coding(compact).

Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightlylarger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes forthe gzip file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an expansionratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number of useddisk blocks almost never increases. gzip normally preserves the mode,ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.

The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP fileformat specification version 4.3,Internet RFC 1952 (May1996). The zip deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch,DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3,Internet RFC 1951 (May1996).

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2 Sample output

Here are some realistic examples of running gzip.

This is the output of the command ‘gzip -h':

This is the output of the command ‘gzip -v texinfo.tex':

The following command will find all regular ‘.gz' files in thecurrent directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that containnewlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,stopping on the first failure:

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3 Invoking gzip

The format for running the gzip program is:

gzip supports the following options:

Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence ofindependently compressed members. To obtain better compression,concatenate all input files before compressing them.

Decompress.

Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple linksor the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed datais read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not ina format recognized by gzip, and if the option --stdout is alsogiven, copy the input data without change to the standard output: letzcat behave as cat. If -f is not given, andwhen not running in the background, gzip prompts to verifywhether an existing file should be overwritten.

Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.

Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or decompression.

For each compressed file, list the following fields:

The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzipformat, such as compressed ‘.Z' files. To get the uncompressed size forsuch a file, you can use:

In combination with the --verbose option, the following fields are alsodisplayed:

The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.

With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for all filesis also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With --quiet,the title and totals lines are not displayed.

The gzip format represents the input size modulo2^32, so the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listedincorrectly for uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work aroundthis problem, you can use the following command to discover a largeuncompressed file's true size:

Display the gzip license then quit.

When compressing, do not save the original file name and timestamp bydefault. (The original name is always saved if the name had to betruncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original file nameif present (remove only the gzipsuffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the originaltimestamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This optionis the default when decompressing.

When compressing, always save the original file name, and savethe original timestamp if the original is a regular file; thisis the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name andtimestamp if present. This option is useful on systems which havea limit on file name length or when the timestamp has been lost aftera file transfer.

Suppress all warning messages.

Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file namesspecified on the command line are directories, gzip will descendinto the directory and compress all the files it finds there (ordecompress them in the case of gunzip).

Cater better to the rsync program by periodically resettingthe internal structure of the compressed data stream. This lets thersync program take advantage of similarities in the uncompressedinput when synchronizing two files compressed with this flag. The cost:the compressed output is usually about one percent larger.

Use suffix suf instead of ‘.gz'. Any suffix can begiven, but suffixes other than ‘.z' and ‘.gz' should beavoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred to other systems.A null suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given filesregardless of suffix, as in:

Previous versions of gzip used the ‘.z' suffix. This was changed toavoid a conflict with pack.

Use synchronous output, by transferring output data to the outputfile's storage device when the file system supports this. Becausefile system data can be cached, without this option if the systemcrashes around the time a command like ‘gzip FOO' is run the usermight lose both FOO and FOO.gz; this is the default withgzip, just as it is the default with most applications thatmove data. When this option is used, gzip is safer but canbe considerably slower.

Test. Check the compressed file integrity.

Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed.

Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then quit.

Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit n,where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest compressionmethod (less compression) and --best or -9 indicates theslowest compression method (optimal compression). The defaultcompression level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression atexpense of speed).

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4 Advanced usage

Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,gunzip will extract all members at once. If one member isdamaged, other members might still be recovered after removal of thedamaged member. Better compression can be usually obtained if allmembers are decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.

This is an example of concatenating gzip files:

When compressing, always save the original file name, and savethe original timestamp if the original is a regular file; thisis the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name andtimestamp if present. This option is useful on systems which havea limit on file name length or when the timestamp has been lost aftera file transfer.

Suppress all warning messages.

Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file namesspecified on the command line are directories, gzip will descendinto the directory and compress all the files it finds there (ordecompress them in the case of gunzip).

Cater better to the rsync program by periodically resettingthe internal structure of the compressed data stream. This lets thersync program take advantage of similarities in the uncompressedinput when synchronizing two files compressed with this flag. The cost:the compressed output is usually about one percent larger.

Use suffix suf instead of ‘.gz'. Any suffix can begiven, but suffixes other than ‘.z' and ‘.gz' should beavoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred to other systems.A null suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given filesregardless of suffix, as in:

Previous versions of gzip used the ‘.z' suffix. This was changed toavoid a conflict with pack.

Use synchronous output, by transferring output data to the outputfile's storage device when the file system supports this. Becausefile system data can be cached, without this option if the systemcrashes around the time a command like ‘gzip FOO' is run the usermight lose both FOO and FOO.gz; this is the default withgzip, just as it is the default with most applications thatmove data. When this option is used, gzip is safer but canbe considerably slower.

Test. Check the compressed file integrity.

Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed.

Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then quit.

Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit n,where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest compressionmethod (less compression) and --best or -9 indicates theslowest compression method (optimal compression). The defaultcompression level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression atexpense of speed).

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4 Advanced usage

Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,gunzip will extract all members at once. If one member isdamaged, other members might still be recovered after removal of thedamaged member. Better compression can be usually obtained if allmembers are decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.

This is an example of concatenating gzip files:

Then

is equivalent to

In case of damage to one member of a ‘.gz' file, other members canstill be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However,you can get better compression by compressing all members at once:

compresses better than

If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression, do:

If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressedsize and CRC reported by the --list option applies tothe last memberonly. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:

If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members sothat members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver suchas tar or zip. GNUtarsupports the -zoption to invoke gzip transparently. gzip is designed as acomplement to tar, not as a replacement.

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5 Environment

The obsolescent environment variable GZIP can hold a set ofdefault options for gzip. These options are interpretedfirst and can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. Asthis can cause problems when using scripts, this feature is supportedonly for options that are reasonably likely to not cause too muchharm, and gzip warns if it is used. This feature will beremoved in a future release of gzip.

You can use an alias or script instead. For example, ifgzip is in the directory ‘/usr/bin' you can prepend$HOME/bin to your PATH and create an executable script$HOME/bin/gzip containing the following:

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6 Using gzip on tapes

When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to padthe output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read andthe whole block is passed to gunzip for decompression,gunzip detects that there is extra trailing garbage after thecompressed data and emits a warning by default if the garbage containsnonzero bytes. You can use the --quiet option to suppressthe warning.

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7 Reporting Bugs

If you find a bug in gzip, please send electronic mail tobug-gzip@gnu.org. Include the version number,which you can find by running ‘gzip -V'. Also include in yourmessage the hardware and operating system, the compiler used to compilegzip,a description of the bug behavior, and the input to gzipthat triggeredthe bug.

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Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

1. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or otherfunctional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: toassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a wayto get credit for their work, while not being considered responsiblefor modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of 'copyleft', which means that derivativeworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. Itcomplements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleftlicense designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for freesoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a freeprogram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that thesoftware does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter orwhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this Licenseprincipally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, thatcontains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can bedistributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants aworld-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use thatwork under the conditions stated herein. The 'Document', below,refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is alicensee, and is addressed as 'you'. You accept the license if youcopy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permissionunder copyright law.

   A 'Modified Version' of the Document means any work containing theDocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or withmodifications and/or translated into another language.

   A 'Secondary Section' is a named appendix or a front-matter sectionof the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of thepublishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overallsubject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could falldirectly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is inpart a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explainany mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historicalconnection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regardingthem.

   The 'Invariant Sections' are certain Secondary Sections whose titlesare designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the noticethat says that the Document is released under this License. If asection does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is notallowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zeroInvariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any InvariantSections then there are none.

   The 'Cover Texts' are certain short passages of text that are listed,as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says thatthe Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text maybe at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   A 'Transparent' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,represented in a format whose specification is available to thegeneral public, that is suitable for revising the documentstraightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed ofpixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely availabledrawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters orfor automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for inputto text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent fileformat whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwartor discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amountof text. A copy that is not 'Transparent' is called 'Opaque'.

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plainASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX inputformat, SGML or XML using a publicly availableDTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examplesof transparent image formats include PNG, XCF andJPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can beread and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML orXML for which the DTD and/or processing tools arenot generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors foroutput purposes only.

   The 'Title Page' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the materialthis License requires to appear in the title page. For works informats which do not have any title page as such, 'Title Page' meansthe text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   The 'publisher' means any person or entity that distributes copiesof the Document to the public.

   A section 'Entitled XYZ' means a named subunit of the Document whosetitle either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses followingtext that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for aspecific section name mentioned below, such as 'Acknowledgements','Dedications', 'Endorsements', or 'History'.) To 'Preserve the Title'of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains asection 'Entitled XYZ' according to this definition.

   The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice whichstates that this License applies to the Document. These WarrantyDisclaimers are considered to be included by reference in thisLicense, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any otherimplication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and hasno effect on the meaning of this License.

3. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, eithercommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, thecopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License appliesto the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no otherconditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not usetechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or furthercopying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may acceptcompensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enoughnumber of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, andyou may publicly display copies.

4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly haveprinted covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and theDocument's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose thecopies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these CoverTexts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts onthe back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identifyyou as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must presentthe full title with all words of the title equally prominent andvisible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preservethe title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treatedas verbatim copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fitlegibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fitreasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacentpages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numberingmore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparentcopy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copya computer-network location from which the general network-usingpublic has access to download using public-standard network protocolsa complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensurethat this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the statedlocation until at least one year after the last time you distribute anOpaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of thatedition to the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of theDocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, to givethem a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

5. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document underthe conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you releasethe Modified Version under precisely this License, with the ModifiedVersion filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distributionand modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copyof it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinctfrom that of the Document, and from those of previous versions(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History sectionof the Document). You may use the same title as a previous versionif the original publisher of that version gives permission.
   2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entitiesresponsible for authorship of the modifications in the ModifiedVersion, together with at least five of the principal authors of theDocument (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),unless they release you from this requirement.
   3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of theModified Version, as the publisher.
   4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
   5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modificationsadjacent to the other copyright notices.
   6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license noticegiving the public permission to use the Modified Version under theterms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
   7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sectionsand required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
   8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
   9. Preserve the section Entitled 'History', Preserve its Title, and addto it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, andpublisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. Ifthere is no section Entitled 'History' in the Document, create onestating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document asgiven on its Title Page, then add an item describing the ModifiedVersion as stated in the previous sentence.
   10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document forpublic access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewisethe network locations given in the Document for previous versionsit was based on. These may be placed in the 'History' section.You may omit a network location for a work that was published atleast four years before the Document itself, or if the originalpublisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
   11. For any section Entitled 'Acknowledgements' or 'Dedications', Preservethe Title of the section, and preserve in the section all thesubstance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/ordedications given therein.
   12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbersor the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
   13. Delete any section Entitled 'Endorsements'. Such a sectionmay not be included in the Modified Version.
   14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled 'Endorsements' orto conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
   15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections orappendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no materialcopied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or allof these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to thelist of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section Entitled 'Endorsements', provided it containsnothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by variousparties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text hasbeen approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of astandard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and apassage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the listof Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage ofFront-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (orthrough arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document alreadyincludes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you orby arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicitpermission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this Licensegive permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert orimply endorsement of any Modified Version.

6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under thisLicense, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modifiedversions, provided that you include in the combination all of theInvariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, andlist them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in itslicense notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, andmultiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a singlecopy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name butdifferent contents, make the title of each such section unique byadding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the originalauthor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list ofInvariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled 'History'in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled'History'; likewise combine any sections Entitled 'Acknowledgements',and any sections Entitled 'Dedications'. You must delete allsections Entitled 'Endorsements.'

7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documentsreleased under this License, and replace the individual copies of thisLicense in the various documents with a single copy that is included inthe collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License forverbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distributeit individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of thisLicense into the extracted document, and follow this License in allother respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separateand independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage ordistribution medium, is called an 'aggregate' if the copyrightresulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rightsof the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does notapply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselvesderivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to thesecopies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half ofthe entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed oncovers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or theelectronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the wholeaggregate.

9. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you maydistribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires specialpermission from their copyright holders, but you may includetranslations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to theoriginal versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include atranslation of this License, and all the license notices in theDocument, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also includethe original English version of this License and the original versionsof those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement betweenthe translation and the original version of this License or a noticeor disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   If a section in the Document is Entitled 'Acknowledgements','Dedications', or 'History', the requirement (section 4) to Preserveits Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actualtitle.

10. TERMINATION

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Documentexcept as expressly provided under this License. Any attemptotherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, andwill automatically terminate your rights under this License.

    However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your licensefrom a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finallyterminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holderfails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to60 days after the cessation.

    Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder isreinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of theviolation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you havereceived notice of violation of this License (for any work) from thatcopyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days afteryour receipt of the notice.

    Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate thelicenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you underthis License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanentlyreinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material doesnot give you any rights to use it.

11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versionsof the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such newversions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but maydiffer in detail to address new problems or concerns. Seehttps://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of thisLicense 'or any later version' applies to it, you have the option offollowing the terms and conditions either of that specified version orof any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by theFree Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a versionnumber of this License, you may choose any version ever published (notas a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Documentspecifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of thisLicense can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of aversion permanently authorizes you to choose that version for theDocument.

12. RELICENSING

    'Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site' (or 'MMC Site') means anyWorld Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and alsoprovides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. Apublic wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A'Massive Multiauthor Collaboration' (or 'MMC') contained in thesite means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMCsite.

    'CC-BY-SA' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profitcorporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,California, as well as future copyleft versions of that licensepublished by that same organization.

    'Incorporate' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole orin part, as part of another Document.

    An MMC is 'eligible for relicensing' if it is licensed under thisLicense, and if all works that were first published under this Licensesomewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in wholeor in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

    The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the siteunder CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy ofthe License in the document and put the following copyright andlicense notices just after the title page:

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,replace the 'with…Texts.' line with this:

X-gzip Decoder Download

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some othercombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit thesituation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, werecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice offree software license, such as the GNU General Public License,to permit their use in free software.

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